CONTENT PAGE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
FLOOR FINISHES
WALL FINISHES
CEILING
FURNITURE
SANITARY
LIGHTING

1. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

NATURAL OCCURRING SUBSTANCES

Limestone
Softwood
Mudbrick
Bamboo
Wet-laid clay walls

MAN-MADE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Glass
Bricks
Concrete

NATURALLY OCCURRING SUBSTANCE

1. LIMESTONE

PROS

Affordability compared to other natural stones
Soft and light
Extremely durable due to high mineral composition

CONS

High maintenance
Soft nature

2. SOFTWOOD

PROS

Work ability, can be used across a broad range of applications
Sustainability, a renewable source
Cost, tends to be cheaper
Easier to source

CONS

Weaker and less durable
Less suitable for high traffic areas
Poor fire resistance unless being treated

3. MUDBRICK

PROS

Good water resistance
Risk of cracking and shrinkage is low
Offers good flexibility in construction
Attractive textures and patterns

CONS

Flooring surface would not be as smooth
Requires often maintenance
Low resistant to stain due to its high porosity

4. BAMBOO

PROS

Extremely hard and durable
Bamboo flooring is easier on the legs
Easy to clean and maintain

CONS

Cost is high for bamboo due to a high demand
Poor treatment process will cause dis-benefits to the people

MAN-MADE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

1. GLASS

Glass is a very versatile material. It has the ability to transform the appearance of light and intensify colors.

PROS

Transparent
Hard and has great impact resistance
Weather and chemical resistant
Available in any color and shape

CONS

Brittle
Traps heat

How Is Glass Used?

From our site visit to The Shoppes at Marina Bay Sands, we observed that glass are used for the handrails, ceiling and at shop fronts.

The long stretch of the ceiling is filled with glass. The handrails are also glass. This may be done to provide an open and bright environment for shoppers.

2. BRICKS

PROS

ECO-Friendly, There is an abundance of materials to make bricks and absorbs humidity better
Fire and weather resistant
Low Maintenance. No issues termites and it does not require to be painted
Blocks out sound quite well due to its thickness
High-thermal insulator
Decay resistant
Long lasting

CONS

Expensive
Limited color choices
Weather can cause the bricks to expand and contract
Difficult remodelling

3. CONCRETE

PROS

Durable. Concrete can withstand large amounts of foot traffic and pressure
Near impossible to chip or scratch the material
Long Life span
Easy to maintain. Dust or sweep to prevent dust accumulation
Cost effective
Slip resistant and chemical resistant

CONS

It is a hard material. And provides no cushioning. Making it uncomfortable to stand on for long periods
Cold to the touch. Concrete does not retain heat very well
Susceptible to moisture if not properly finished or sealed
Loud when there is a lot of foot traffic.

4. PLASTIC

PROS

Long life span
Plastic products/materials can be redesign
Cheap and easy to produce/make
Important for construction and infrastructure
Not prone to breakage/ fragile

CONS

Durability, short useful life compared to metal
Non-biodegradable
Harmful to the nature during the fabrication of plastics

5. STEEL

An alloy of iron and carbon hence explaining its durability. The world’s most important engineering and construction material

PROS

Safe material to work with for residential construction
Reduced construction costs due to the advance in steel fabrication techniques
Comparatively lightweight
Recyclability
Durability
Cost effective for the transportation of steel

CONS

Susceptibility to the elements, weakens the cohesiveness of the material
Long-term fatigue due to extensive application of tension to the material
Excellent conductor of heat, does not play a benefit in a case of fire

2. FLOOR COVERINGS AND FINISHES

TYPES OF FLOORING

Tile (ceramic, porcelain, mosaic)
Natural Stones (marble, travertine, granite, quartz, terrazzo, )
Hardwood (vinyl, engineered, solid)
Carpet

NATURAL STONES

BLACK GRANITE

Granite is an intrusive igneous rock with large visible mineral grains . Granite comes in a multitude of colors . Black granite is commonly used for kitchen counter tops, bathrooms etc.

PROS

Fire-proof
Heat resistant
Not susceptible to scratches
Resistant to corrosion
Available in wide range of colors from pink, white, variations of grey and black
Extremely Durable
Requires low maintenance

CONS

Porous
Expensive

2. UNIQUE MARBLE

PROS

Beautiful and aesthetically pleasing
Unique cause of veins details book matched in 2 pieces

CONS

Heavy
Expensive
Stain easily
Degrade over time

Can be used in: kitchen, monuments, interior decorations

3. SANDSTONE

PROS

Variable through grey, yellow, red to white reflecting the variation in mineral content and cement.
Every piece is unique and different
Durable
Eco-friendly
Easy to repair

CONS

Gritty to touch
Porous
Slippery
Stains

Can be used in: walkways, indoors, porches, pillars, stairs

4. TRAVERTINE

PROS

Durable
Easy repair
Long lasting
Anti-slip

CONS

Costly
High maintenance
Heavy

Can be used in: pool decks, courtyards, driveways

5. TERAZZO

PROS

Durability
Limitless designs, embeds marble, granite, quartz or glass chips with resin
Environmentally-friendly, helps in design of sustainable buildings
Both indoor and outdoor applications

CONS

High initial cost
Does not retain heat well
Requires professional installation, as it it complex to install

Can be used in backsplashes, flooring and countertops

6. Limestone

PROS

Cheaper cost than other natural stones installation
Durability
Natural aesthetics, beautiful and pristine look
Flexibility, could be cut into the size that you desire
Short and simple manufacturing process

CONS

Easily stained
Rather hard to maintain
Easily damaged/chip due to its natural soft material
Special installation due to its heavy weight

Can be used for floors and walls

7. Onyx

PROS

Wide variety and differing colors, very strong appealing appearance
Heat resistant

CONS

Expensive since its a very rare stone
Fragility
Soft nature
Very high maintenance

TILES AND FLOOR FINISHES

GENERAL INFORMATION

THICK TILES (20mm)

THIN TILES (3-6mm)

Grout lines between tiles

Width distance ( 2-3mm)

Prevent tiles from cracking

Help straighten tile lines

1. CERAMIC TILES

PROS

Highly water resistant, helps in stain protection
Good insulators of heat

CONS

Less durable
Rougher
Heated at a lower temperature hence particles are less closely packed

TILES

Tiles are mainly made from the European countries like Portugal, Spain, Italy and then in Asia such as China, Vietnam and Malaysia where resources are cheaper

Ceramic tiles have either a white and red body, similar properties but are of different materials . Ceramic tiles is most suitable more many applications. And are one of the most commonly used tiles.

2. PORCELAIN TILES

PROS

Low maintenance
Highly durable
Resists wear, last better over the years than ceramic tiles

CONS

Harder to cut into any desired shape

Glazed Porcelain

Visually appealing
When tile is scratched its obvious to the naked eye

Many design patterns like marble, stone, concrete, fabric, wood, floral pattern and graph paper effect

FULL BODY HOMOGENEOUS

Not many design patterns
Essentially means unglazed tiles
Not visible to the naked eye when tile is scratched

PROS

It is not a porous material. As compared to other stone flooring
Easy to clean
A rather large variety of colors, patterns and finishes. It can be used to replicate other materials
Affordable

CONS

Slippery when the floor gets wet
Tiles can be loosened when there is a weak grout
Hard and cold material. Might be uncomfortable to step on

Matte finish with pattern

3. MOSAIC

PROS

Offers great visual flair and pop when used in any room
Durable
Easily maintained
Cheaper to install
Flexible and versatile in designs

CONS

Small in size, makes them fragile

MATERIAL USED FOR MOSAIC

APPLICATION OF MOSAIC

Excellent choice for areas that would get wet

Kitchen floors
Bathroom floors
Swimming pool floors

WOOD FLOORING

1. SOLID WOOD

Nothing looks more polished and professional in your home than wood flooring. The classic rustic look with great durability and wide variety that makes a home charming and inviting. Natural wood throughout and all woods are unique with their grains and tones

Not suitable for: most bathrooms, below-grade installations, basements and some kitchen environments

PROS

Strong and durable
Does not warp easily
Easily repaired and cleaned
Can be sanded multiple times, allowing it to have a longer life span

CONS

Expensive
Naturally water and moisture absorbent
High maintenance
Susceptible to scratches

2. ENGINEERED WOOD

Engineered wood is essentially a layered product . It is made of an actual thin slice of hard wood on top of a solid piece of plywood. The surfaces of engineered wood can be any real wood with layers of plywood for its core

PROS

Affordable
Durable
Water and moisture resistant
Environmental friendly as it does not use slow growing hardwood trees for its core
Resistant to buckling
low maintenance as it does not warp or swell

CONS

Can be scratched or chipped
Can fade when exposed to heavy sunlight
Only can be sanded a few times unlike solid wood
Shorter life span than solid wood due to limited sanding oppurtunity

Can be used in: anywhere including bathrooms, laundry rooms, kitchens, or basements

3. PLYWOOD

Made from thin layers of wood veneer, with adjacent layers perpendicular to each other which are held together by glue.

PROS

Durable
More affordable than solid wood
Expansion and shrinkage are reduced
Easy installation

CONS

Water absorbent
Not as durable as solid wood
Requires finishing to enhance its beauty and to increase its life
Prolonged exposure to water- water damage

Interior plywood: Moisture resistant and limited water resistance

Exterior plywood: Sturdy and Moisture resistant

Can be applied on: furniture, sheathing of walls, building of cabinets

4. VINYL FLOORING

Manufactured from colored PVC chips and designed to simulate the look and beauty of any hardwood. It is great for bedrooms where there is less foot traffic. There are 2 types of vinyl flooring sheet or tile. Most home owners usually prefer tile as it replicates wooden or ceramic tiled flooring. Vinyl flooring thickness usually ranges from 5mm- 6mm

PROS

Affordable
Wide variety
Moisture and stain resistant
Does not warp
Feels similar to the texture of hardwood
Easy installment and maintenance
Can overlay to existing floor

CONS

Can fade when exposed to heavy sunlight
Gives of toxic gas which may cause respiratory problem
Non-biodegradable
Not very durable, It scratches, dents and stains easily

Can be used in: flooring for living room/bedroom, bathrooms, kitchens, below-grade basement environments

WALL COVERINGS AND TREATMENTS

MOST POPULAR TYPES

Vinyl coated paper

The wallpaper will be coated with a layer of acrylic vinyl or polyvinyl chloride. This is done so that the wallpaper can be cleaned without damaging it.

Paper backed Vinyl

Paper will be attached to the back of the vinyl. This is suitable for residential and light commercial usage

Fabric backed Vinyl

Fabric will be attached to the back of the vinyl. this is a strong and enduring material. it is suitable for high traffic areas.

Special wall coverings

String Effects

It has fine vertical threads laminated to a papertype substrate. This is suitable for spaces with light traffic

Natural textile Wallcoverings

The natural textile will be laminated to a backing to enhance the support and prevent the adhesive from seeping through the textile. The backing is usually paper or acrylic.

This wall covering adds more depth to an interior space.

Polyolefin/Synthetic textile wallcovering.

these are wallcoverings developed to give the look of natural textile. These products are usually put up with acrylic or paper backing. These are suitable for high traffic areas.

Acoustical Wallcovering

Acoustic panels can be used to control the sound quality of different spaces. There are absorbing and diffusing panels. Absorbing panels are used to reduce the noise levels in a space such as the library. Diffusing panels are used to make a space sound lively without too much echoes from reflection of sound. For example, it can be used in the theatre.

there is a variety of materials and designs for acoustic panels.

diffusing acoustic panels applied in a theatre

Cork and Cork Veneer

It has an irregular texture which makes it a unique design.

it can applied to a home adding a cozy ambience.

Characteristics

soft, warm surface
sound and heat insulation
easy to clean
light resistant
robust
antibacterial
good moisture control

It is a very versatile material and can be applied to many spaces.

Digital Wall Covering

It is a digital wall print that can be customizable to your liking.

Characteristics

high printing quality with fine details
customizable
seamless surface
full height image
no drying time
odourless
low maintenance cost

Wood Veneer

Made of thin slices of wood attached to a paper backing

Foils

Made of a thin sheet of metallic material with a paper or fabric substrate. The usage is limited and it is highly decorative.

Mylar

wallcoverings ground made of vacuum-metallized polyester film laminated to a substrate.

Offers a highly reflective surface with a similar appearance to foil with less stiffness.

Flocks

Produced by laminated shredded fibers to paper, vinyl, Mylar or foil. Highly decorative, period wallcoverings; limited abrasion resistance. For use in low traffic areas.

Underliner

It is a blank wallcovering

Its purpose is to provide a smooth surface for the installation of wallcoverings.

Other types of Wall coverings

Wall Panels

Wallpaper border

Wall Laminate

Green Walls

PROS

Reduce heat
Absorbs sound
Clean out pollutants in the surrounding
Aesthetically pleasing

CONS

Costly
Difficult to maintain

CEILING AND ROOFING MATERIALS AND MAINTENANCE

Roof Styles

Gramble Roof

Gable roof

Hip roof

Types of roof materials in the market

Solar Tiles

These tiles designed to look like and function as conventional roofing materials, such as asphalt shingle or slate, while also producing electricity.

Advantages:

With comparison to traditional solar panels, these panels are meant to blend in with the typical colour of the roof
Doesnt require a lot of maintenance

Disadvantages :

Expensive
Electricity production efficiency is lower than usual solar panels

Asphalt Tiles

Made of fiberglass sandwiched between asphalt and ceramic granules

Advantages:

Provide house with durability
Long lasting protection
Wide selection and application against common natural elements
Reduced air conditioning costs in hot climates by having better heat reflection surface
Cheaper than slate roofs
Insusceptible to algae growth and discolouration
Lightweight
easy to install

Disadvantages:

Require regular maintenance
Only lasts for only 20 years
Not environmentally friendly as it yields greenhouse gas secretions
Susceptible to cracks when exposed to extreme temperatures, strong winds and inadequate ventilation

Metal Roofing

Generally it is a kind of roof made by certain metal pieces or tiles

Advantages:

High resistant
Impermeable
Long lasting
Cheaper than asphalt in the long term
Recyclable
Reduced energy cost due to its good heat insulating properties
Lightweight
Possible to install on top of existing roof

Disadvantages:

the light roofs provides greater wind resistance
easily dent
Not soundproof from raindrops

Stone Coated Steel

https://www.hedrickconstructioninc.com/blog/the-pros-and-cons-of-stone-coated-steel-roofing

Can have the appearance of traditional shingles while delivering the durability and strength of metal. Finished with a thick layer of stone which sticks with the surface and provides the decorative look.

Advantages:

Durable: able to withstands adverse weather conditions
Lightweight
Has a wider variety ,texture and colour to complement any style of home than normal steel roofs
Low maintenance
Reduced energy costs

Disadvantages:

slightly shorter life span
more expensive than other roofing
not soundproof to rain or hail

Slate

It is a natural rock that is mined and cut to become a form of shingles

Advantages:

strong and durable
weather resistant
low water absorption
withstands freezing temperatures
recyclable and does not emit poisonous gases

Disadvantages:

Expensive as it requires repairs and maintenance
Heavy

Rubber Slate

Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Rubber Roofing Materials

Rubber roofing is a roofing material made of a single-ply synthetic material known as ethylene propylene diene monomer.Rubber roofing is designed specifically to go on flat roofs or installed on top of asphalt roofs.

Advantages:

Long lasting
Flexible and resistant to discolouring
Cheaper than slate roofs
Easier maintenance
UV and fire resistant
Durable
Recyclable

Disadvantages:

Dark coloured
Requires professional installation

Clay Tiles

Produced by baking moulded clay. The density of the clay is determined by the length of time a temperature at which it is heated

Advantages:

Resistant to strong winds and discolouring
Environmental friendly and easily recycled
Lower water absorption rate than concrete roof

Disadvantages:

Susceptible to crack in freezing and thawing cycles
More expensive installation than concrete roofs

Concrete Tiles

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Concrete Roof Tiles

Concrete tiles are made of a mixture of sand, cement of water, which are moulded under heat and high pressure.

Advantages:

Resistant to weather elements such as water hail and fire
Exposed surface of the tile may be finished with paint-like materials
Higher water absorption rate than clay roofs
Low maintenance
Available in a range of shapes and colours

Disadvantages:

Easily stainable
Heavy
Breakable
High wind resistant but still can be removed by wind
Prone to stains and moss and mildew growth as it absorbs water
Much heavier than clay roofs
Lasts shorter than clay roofs

Green roofs

https://www.sempergreen.com/en/solutions/green-roofs/green-roof-benefits

Roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a water-proofing membrane. A norm in redeveloped buildings and new buildings.

Advantages:

Reduced energy costs all year round
Provides a rainwater buffer
Purifies the air
Reduces ambient temperature
Reduces ambient noise outside and inside
Extends life span of roof
Adds value to the building

Disadvantages:

Expensive maintenance costs and installation
Increase in weight load
Requires extra maintenance

Built Up Roofing

http://jardinesrurales.com/2018/11/06/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-built-up-roofing/

https://www.thebalancesmb.com/built-up-roof-types-advantages-repairs-844654

composed of alternating layers of reinforcing fabric and bitumen (asphalt) and is finished with a top layer of aggregate, such as stone or gravel.it is preferred for low-slope roofs because it creates a continuous sealed surface, only best used in tropical regions.

Advantages:

Excellent waterproofing
ultra-violet resistant
Costs little to and maintain the roof throughout its life
Durable- withstand a great deal of physical pressure, weather exposure, water exposure, and temperature fluctuations without becoming damaged or springing a leak
Wide range of lasting the roof(15 for asphalt based and 100 years for slate)

Disadvantages:

Heavy
Does not hold up well in cold weather
installation involves hazardous fumes being produced
Expensive installation costs
Some of these roofing can be susceptible to wind and water damage

Wooden Shingles

Wooden shingles are thin, tapered pieces of wood primarily used to cover the roof and walls of buildings to protect them from the weather

Advantages:

Wooden roofs normally last for 50 years if proper installation is done
Easily replaceable

Disadvantages:

prone to insects depending on location.
If not maintained, moisture and cold weather lead to moss growth and cause leakage.
Susceptible to fire
cost more than other types of shingle

Fibre Cement

Fiber Cement Roofing Drawbacks and Advantages

Composite material made of cement reinforced with cellulose fibers

Advantages:

Can resemble wood planks and wood shingles
Insusceptible to insects and rotting
Cheap
Weather and fire resistant
Available in a wide variety of colours

Disadvantages:

Has a shorter lifetime than other roofing (25 years)

inflammable
lack of durability as it can be easily broken in the right circumstances
Susceptible to the effects of long-term exposure to the wind and penetration of water through the roof

COMMON MATERIALS

1. SOFT WOOD

Originated from evergreen trees
Less expensive
Usually softer

CEDAR

PROS

Light-weight and strong
Slightly sweet smelling
Insect-repelling
Does not shrink, swell or warp even under severe changes in humidity and temperature
High-thermal insulator
Sound insulator
Decay resistant

CONS

Expensive
Easily damaged due to its softness
Fades over the years to weathered grey

FIR

PROS

Strong and durable
Can be stained
Uniform looking

CONS

Expensive
Difficult to stain
Easily damaged due to its softness
Looks bland as it lacks distinct grain patterns

PINE

PROS

More affordable than hemlock or fir wood
Rustic-look lumber (suitable for paneling, cabinets or furniture)
Attractive grain options
Lightweight

CONS

One of the weakest woods
Prone to warping and twisting
More knots
Prone to scratches and dents

REDWOOD

PROS

Durable
Weather and termite resistant (suitable for outside furniture)
Resist shrinkage and decaying
Retains its moisture and stays vibrant longer compared to other woods

CONS

Prone to denting due to its softness
Endangered due to its high demand in the wood market

2. HARDWOOD

Originates from deciduous tree
More expensive
Typically more dense

CHERRY

PROS

Easily cut, carved and mould (often used for carved chair or clean-lined Shaker-style tables and cabinets)
Polishes well
Can remain unstained as it already has a rich and beautiful color
Resistant to rot and decay

CONS

Expensive
Color darkens overtime

CHESTNUT

PROS

Durable and stable (suitable for flooring at high-traffic locations)
Affordable
Easy to work with
Glues, stains and finishes well
Can be used for rustic furniture

CONS

Splits easily

ELM

PROS

Strong corrosion resistance
Durable
Suitable for carving
Has a clean and clear surface

CONS

May get out of shape easily
Prone to insect attacks
Difficult to dry

LIME

PROS

One of the easiest to work with for carving as it easily take in details
Stains well
Can be used to work on delicate and intricate carved pieces
Rarely warps as it has straight grain and even texture

CONS

Sharp cutters must be used during planing or shaping to avoid fuzzy surfaces

MAHOGANY

PROS

Less liable to warping, shrinking, swelling, and twisting than other woods
Resistant to moisture and atmospheric changes
Most stable hardwood
Resistant to rot, mold and decay
Resistant to attack of dry-wood termites but susceptible to termites when untreated
Extremely durable
Takes in stain well
Does not fade easily as it absorbs sunlight

CONS

Difficult to cut due to its hardness
Becomes more dark overtime as it absorbs sunlight

MAPLE

PROS

One of the hardest woods and more durable than oak
Does not dent easily
Affordable

CONS

Lacks grain patterns
Difficult to stain
Prone to scratches and marks
Prone to expand or contract, warp, split when exposed to heat and high levels of humidity

OAK

PROS

Attractive wood grain
Durable
Broad with easily recognizable flame like patterns
Affordable
Widely available
Stainable
Less likely to warp when exposed to sunlight
Water resistant
Highly resistant to wear and tear
Stains and polishes well

CONS

Hard to work with
Shatters and splinters easily
High tannin content and exposure to wet and cold weather can react with oil finishes
Heavy

ROSEWOOD

PROS

Durable and strong
Polishes very well and high sheen can be achieved
Resistant to wear and tear
Does not easily corrode
Delicate carving patterns

CONS

Very heavy
Expensive due to its rarity
Not easy to dry
Susceptible to insect mites

TEAK

PROS

Beautiful straight grain pattern
Strong and durable
Can last long if well taken care of
Natural resistance to termites and insects due to its natural oil
Resists rot and decay
Moisture resistant

CONS

Expensive
Difficult to find high-quality wood
Requires more care and maintenance

WALNUT

PROS

Strong and stable
Takes in intricate carving
Easy to work with
Dense and strong
Durable and long lasting
Resistant to wear and tear
Stains and polishes well

CONS

Expensive
Not weather resistant (not suitable for outdoors)
Can bleach with exposure to sunlight
Very heavy

3. ARTIFICIAL

PLYWOOD

PROS

High impact resistance
Durable due to cross-graining (layers of wood veneer with the grain on each layer running on adjacent layers)
Consistent strength of the panels across all directions
Resistant to shrinking and cracking
Resistant to shrinkage and warping
Less susceptible to water damage than MDF, and won’t soak up water and swell as quickly or easily as MDF does
Stainable

CONS

Uneven surfacing (not ideal for glossy laminates)
Hard to get a smooth cut and detailed designs
More expensive than MDF

Suitable for: kitchen cabinets, table tops, and other projects where you want a large stained wood surface

MEDIUM-DENSITY FIBREBOARD (MDF)

PROS

Consistent in strength
Denser and stronger than particle board and plywood
Consistent in finishing as it is more uniform in its knots or rings
Solid, dense and flat
Cheaper than plywood
Resistant to insects
No grain, easy to cut without damaging it
It is available in raw form, with a finely sanded surface, with a decorative overlay or laminators attached to it

Different types: glued, doweled or laminated

CONS

Malleable
Heavy
Sensitive to moisture
Poor moisture resistance- May warp or expand in humid environments if not sealed

Suitable for: Cabinets

PARTICLE BOARD

PROS

Available in number of densities: normal (soft), medium and high (Solid and hard)
Cheap
Light
Smooth and flat surface
Does not dent easily
Resistant to warping and will not splinter

CONS

Sensitive to moisture
Susceptible to expansion and discoloration (rarely used outdoors and places with high level of moisture with exception of bathroom, kitchen and laundry)
Porous
Weak

4. GLASS

PROS

Gives off a high level of elegance and sophistication
Suitable in modern and contemporary homes
Able to enhance the look of other materials that accompany the glass furniture, such as wood or marble
It gives the illusion of space, as its transparency doesn’t block the views behind it, creating more visual “empty space” as it helps with the distribution of light

CONS

High maintenance (regularly wiped down to remove finger-prints and smudges to keep its pristine look)
Fragile
Not suitable in a household with young children
Expensive especially tempered glass which is thermally and chemically strengthened to reduce breakage

THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF GLASS

TEXTURED

Has a decorative design embossed on its surface (colorful geometric pattern, or just a plain texture). Useful in spaces which require privacy but also need sufficient light transmission

Suitable for: conference rooms, foyers, restaurants, shower cubes, and windows

SPANDREL

It is opaque and reflective in nature used to disguise the less aesthetically pleasing structural elements like columns, walls, shear walls, beams and etc.

Comes in plenty of colors
The uniform appearance gives a neat look to the space
Malleable as it can be molded and shaped to cover even the curvature joining two spandrel columns
5 times stronger than the traditional and annealed glass

Suitable for: kitchen interiors, cover the kitchen cabinets

TINTED

Many colors are available such as the typical colors which are bronze, gray, dark gray, green, blue, blue-green, many other colors like red, pink, purple can also be manufactured

Its tint prevents heat transmission and absorbs solar energy
Not ideal if you desire to transmit light since it hinders with light transmission

REFLECTIVE

A clear glass with a metallic coating that reflects heat (the finish is usually metallic but it can also have a tinted appearance)

Prevents heat loss and heat gain
Reduces glare (provides comfortable working environments in the office or home)
The metallic finish blocks the view of the people standing in front of the installed glass

SATIN

Blurs the view

It is a good material for decorative purposes
Low maintenance
Dust-proof and fingerprint resistant

Suitable for: fabricating a door in association with another material such as wood or places which requires privacy

SECURITY

Laminated glass: An engineered glass which holds its pieces together in the event of disaster and it is so strong that it is even capable of withstanding a bullet attack

Suitable for: Coffee table top, kitchen counter-top breaks, jewelry shops

Toughened glass: prevents cuts and injuries

Suitable for: table tops

CLEAR

The most common type of glass seen in interior spaces (colorless and has blue or green colored edge due to the presence of iron oxides)

Not as strong as laminated glass
Allows almost 80-90% of the visible light to pass through

Suitable for: door knob, facade or chandelier, lamps and can also be molded into a clear glass vessel type wash basin or over the counter type wash basin

5. PLASTIC

A material consisting of any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic compounds

PROS

Affordable and budget friendly
Lightweight
Durable
Does not react with the environment and crack or swell due to the moisture unlike wood
Requires low or no maintenance
Insusceptible to rusting or house termites
Can be used for outdoors
Available in a wide range of colors compared to any other material
Malleable- easy to use to mould and create shapes
Can be chiselled and carved

CONS

Lacks elegance compared to wooden and metallic furniture
Non-biodegradable
Has a tendency to break or otherwise fall apart within a short period usage

6. CANE

Has a beautiful warm soft color and it is a natural material that can be used in natural settings

PROS

Lightweight
Warmer and softer than metal furniture
Low maintenance (only needs occasional polishing to retain its beauty and elegance)
Eco-friendly
Versatile as it can be weaved into any shape and designs easily
Resistant to weather
Water-resistant and rustproof

CONS

Expensive as it is handcrafted and made from the natural material
The weaving can loosen over time
Cushions need to be used to get full comfort for the consumer

7. TREATED RUBBER WOOD

a light-colored medium-density tropical hardwood obtained from the Pará rubber tree

PROS

Easy to work with
Durable
Low maintenance (does not have to be cleaned regularly)
One of the cheapest solid wood furniture
Naturally stain resistant
Naturally resistant to burning though marks are left on the surface if something hot touches it
Shock absorbent

CONS

The structure changes when it dries (tends to twist and warp)
Highly susceptible to damage although it is relatively strong (direct sunlight will discolor the surface of the wood over time)
Any impacts may create dents
Slippery when wet.
Susceptible to swelling due to continued water exposure, or storage in a high humidity environment
Standard household detergents and abrasive cleaning products leave stains behind which may even cause permanent damage in some circumstances

8. LEATHER

Leather has many variations. With each having its own characteristics. Ranging from a different tone of shading to texture variations

PROS

It is Hypoallergenic. Which means it does not contain/trap dust mites, allergens etc
Easy to clean. Unlike fabric, it is more tolerable to stains
Durable
Provides an aesthetic look to many household settings

CONS

Hot and sticky. Leather absorbs the temperature around it. And traps it. On a hot day, leather seats can be unbearably hot to sit on
Expensive

FURNITURE FINISHES

VARNISH

Primarily used in wood finishing applications where the natural tones and grains in the wood are intended to be visible. It is applied over wood stains as a final step to achieve a film for gloss and protection

PROS

Grains of wood furniture is still retained
Enhances the natural wood color
Prevents dirt, sunlight and water from damaging it
Easy application

CONS

Dulls or turns yellow overtime due to direct sunlight
Clean up of varnish requires lacquer thinner or mineral spirits
When not mixed properly before application, bubbles will be present when the finish is applied

PENETRATING RESIN

Resins are added to penetrating oils

PROS

Gives wood a very natural look and feel
Grain is strongly highlighted
Durable and withstands heavy wear
Easy to apply and repair
Dries clear
Available in several stain colors
Resistant to water, alcohol, heat, and abrasion
Most suitable for open-grained woods

CONS

Darkens the wood slightly
Dries slowly
Not so suitable to very close-grained woods as it may not absorb onto it deeply
Difficult to remove for future refinishes

SHELLAC

A resin made from the lac bugs of Southeast Asia. It can be applied by either spraying or brushing.

PROS

Child and pets friendly as it is nontoxic with no fumes
Easy to work
Dries quickly
Provides a hard finish
Does not turn yellow unlike varnish
Easy to repair to get rid of scratches or blemishes by applying a new coat over the old coat
Comes in a variety of colors
Can be stripped off wood with alcohol

CONS

Alcohol can cause blemishes and will start to deteriorate if it sits on it for a period of time
Other chemicals like ammonia can cause problems
Heat softens it
Very flammable
Not easy to apply evenly
Far less durable than others

LACQUER

The term lacquer is used on usually wood and can be used as a protective agent. Using various lacquer methods, it will produce a hard, durable finish. Lacquer finishes are derived from organic plant resins mixed with a solvent drying agent

A cured lacquer finish can be left with a matte,satin finish or polished to a mirror gloss. Once polished, The lacquer is hard enough to maintain its luster

PROS

Lacquer finishes are long lasting resistant to stains
Lacquer does not oxidize. It can be used in an open environment and does not need to be maintained regularly
Good wear resistance
Does not feature color or tone changes when it dries
Improves surface quality due to the reduction in dust adhesion
The lacquer finish also resists cracking due to heat modulation or wood shrinkage
Can be recoated without any problems.

CONS

Lacquer finishes lack in durability, A scratch can expose the wood. Allowing dirt and moisture to get into the crack.
Wood flooring can sustain damage
Requires a lot of effort to clean the damaged area
It is not heat resistant and does not resist chemicals.
It is also not waterproof, and can penetrate through the lacquer surface

WAX

Application:To apply wax, rub it on and simply wipe it off. Applying wax over any other finish will give the surface a nice lustre and smooth feeling. Wipe it off too fast , and it will give the surface finishing a dull sheen as it dries off. Buffing it with a soft cloth will give it more shine

PROS

Wax finishes are easy to apply, and are usually used for their first attempt at finishing. Requires no applicators
It can be applied on any type of wood, Making the wood finishing look rich and natural

CONS

Lacks durability and is generally not used for a bar top or kitchen tops. As it is prone scratches

OIL

There are 2 types of oils. Drying and non drying. Drying oils will change from a liquid to a solid film when exposed to oxygen. Non drying oil stays wet indefinitely until it is scrubbed off. Since it does not dry, it is usually used for wood treatments rather than wood finishes

PROS

Oil makes wood look richer and more translucent without adding film to the surface
Helps restore original color of wood
Easy application
Works well on dense wood, and can be shined to a glass like finish with little effort by using oil finishes

CONS

Not durable and are usually prone to scratches
Poor at keeping water out of wood
Hard to use on porous wood such as oak etc. It might require a series of sanding and sealing jobs to get the desired gloss finish
It might lead to the discoloration of wood

PROS

Space saving
Flexibility, customization height for different users with specific needs
Aesthetics reason, provides a sleek and minimalist look

CONS

Costly
Harder to install
Hard to repair, piping and tanks are hidden in the wall.

2. FLOOR STANDING WATER CLOSET

PROS

Easier installation
Wide variety of sizes, colors and styles
Lower cost, does not require separate purchases for multiple parts
Easier access to reparation

CONS

Takes up a lot of space including visual space
Hard to clean/maintain, cleaning has to be more detailed

DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAUCETS

1. PULL DOWN FAUCET

PROS

Easily access to difficult corners of the basin
Minimum splashing in deep sinks
Wide variety of aesthetic choices available

CONS

Reduces flexibility as spray could only be pulled downwards,
Not suitable for shallow sinks

2. PULL OUT FAUCETS

PROS

Multi purpose which enhances cooking experience
Advanced flexibility
Suitable for hollow sinks

CONS

Contain high chances of basin splashing

3. SINGLE HAND FAUCETS

PROS

Easy to install
Easy to operate
Only require one hole in the fixture for installation
Widely available in the market ( less expensive )

CONS

Takes time to change the temperature
Lacks other useful features of the faucet as it is a simple design

4. DOUBLE HAND FAUCETS

PROS

Easy to operate
Contains more specific features to manage hot and cold water separately
A wide variety of unique design available

CONS

Repair costs is very expensive
2 holes in the fixture is required for installation

5. COMMERCIAL STYLE FAUCETS

PROS

Able to handle heavy duty water tasks
Has advanced features for cleaning
Comes in many design styles and functionality options

CONS

Slightly expensive as compared to the home kitchen faucets
Tough to install

6. SEPARATE SPRAY FAUCETS

PROS

Dual function of the faucet and sprayer
Hygienic as accessing the corners which is inconvenient
Detachable spray that can be moved to different places of the sink

CONS

Multiple holes are required for the installation
Sprayer creates a lot of splashing effect
Slightly costly

7. POT FILLER FAUCETS

PROS

Eliminates the need for lugging large filled pots

CONS

Potential leaks from the can damage the stove
Requires detailed cleaning

8. TOUCH-LESS FAUCETS

PROS

Promotes hygiene and cleanliness
Very convenient to use
Provides modern and artistic designs

CONS

Costly to use
Maintain and reliant by its constant use of technology

FAUCET FINISHES

CHROME

makes it polished and shiny has a light metal look

STAINLESS STEEL

durable substitute of chrome and maintenance friendly finish

MATTE

smooth and dull appearance finish and maintenance friendly

COPPER

highly polished finish and has a softer appearance

TITANIUM

smooth, slightly glossy grey finish and color consistent

ROSE GOLD

creates a delightful rosy, red tint in the finished material

POLISHED FINISHES

smoother and brighter finish to enhance appearance

BRUSHED FINISHES

distinctive look and retains metallic luster

TYPES OF BATHROOM SINKS

1. BARRIER-FREE

PROS

Space and clearance
Convenience
Increases a greater space for movement
Allows easier maneuverability for wheelchair or walker
Takes up little to no floor space due to their slim profile

CONS

Provides little or no counter space and no storage needs at all below the sink

2. ABOVE COUNTER

PROS

Easy installation, as they are mounted directly onto a level surface
Many varying designs
Does not require specialist taps
Able to choose your own preferred style and shape

CONS

Takes up space from the counter top since its installed directly above

3. UNDER-COUNTER

PROS

Makes cleaning easier
Looks sleeker ( no raised edges or lip on the top of the counter )
Cleaner function
Space saving, more space/visual space on the counter-top

CONS

Does not work with all counter-tops
Can fail if installation is not done right
More costly to install

4. DROP-IN

PROS

Can be installed in almost every type of counter-top material
Easier to install
Less costly as compared to under-counter sinks

CONS

Gets dirty easily
Harder to maintain/clean

TYPES OF SHOWER HEADS

1. WALL MOUNT/CEILING MOUNT

PROS

Convenient, right over your head enjoy your shower in peace
Variety of designs and materials

CONS

harder to control/target where the water flows onto your body

2. HAND HELD

PROS

Adjustable heights to suit different users
Can be easily mounted and dismounted as and when
Convenient and easy to operate

CONS

Costs more since its a separate fixture from existing ones

3. BODY SPRAY

PROS

Easy installation
More water efficient as they uses the plumbing for a single shower head
Less expensive to buy, install and maintain
Can be incorporated into any size remodel

CONS

Limited coverage as water flow is coming from only one direction
Feels a little clunky
Limited water flow

4. RAIN SHOWER

PROS

Provides visuals to a space
Ultimate relaxation when taking a shower

CONS

Very costly
Hard to install

TYPES OF BATHTUBS

Bathing in bathtubs increases feelings of optimism
It can also ease muscle pain and improves oxygen intake
However soaking for too long in bathtubs will dehydrate the skin

1. CLAW FOOT

PROS

Freestanding style, makes a lot of freedom in terms of placement
Easy installation just about anywhere in your bathroom
Many types of replica tubs in a wide variety of materials
Can serve as a literal centerpiece

CONS

Larger in size, takes up more space
Costly

2. FREESTANDING

PROS

Comes in an incredible variety of shapes and sizes
Painless to install
Not limited to fit between tiles or floors

CONS

More expensive as it is more complex to build
Fewer options in terms of accessible storage

3. CORNER

PROS

Saves a lot space
Many varying design, styles, shapes and sizes
Improves visuals
Dead or angled space can be fully utilized

CONS

More expensive
Entering and exiting the tub will be a difficult task

4. BUILT-IN

PROS

Affordable option
More space-economical, as it is sit flush with a wall
Offer many options in terms of storage since they are mounted flush with wall

CONS

Flexibility, mostly needed to be placed in a corner
Lesser designs
Harder to install due to extra work such as sealing and mounting it

5. WHIRLPOOL

PROS

Relaxation at your fingertips

CONS

Very costly to install
Challenging cleaning regimen

MATERIALS FOR BATHTUBS

PORCELAIN ENAMELED STEEL

glassy inorganic coating that is bonded to metal, creates a rustic look

ACRYLIC

type of finish similar to lacquer, non-toxic, reflective high gloss finish

FIBERGLASS

made of very fine fibers, heat-resistant finish

ENAMEL CAST IRON

extremely durable and non-porous finish that protects the core material of the tub

CAST POLYMER

production of ‘synthetic’ cast products such as marble, onyx and granite to create the finish

BATHROOM MIRRORS

Placement of mirror near a light source can reflect light back into the room-
Amplifies the brightness of a space
Reflect more light and make the toilet corners more attractive
If the mirror is big, not possible to install lighting above the vanity

FRAMED

LIGHTED

PIVOTED

MEDICINE CABINET

FRAMELESS

TYPES OF STORAGE IN THE BATHROOM

1. OVER THE TOILET

2. BATHROOM VANITY

3. MEDICINE CABINET

4. LINEN TOWER

5. FLOOR/WALL CABINETS

6. WALL SHELVES

7. STORAGE BENCH

8. HAMPERS AND BASKETS

9. TOWEL RACKS

MAINTENANCE OF SANITARY WARES

DO’S

clean often
avoid build-ups
use liquid cleaners that have a disinfectant effect

DONT’S

use strong substances
get paint into contact with the sanitary ware or it will corrode
let any metallic item get into contact

1. INCANDESCENT

PROS

Less expensive
Easier to dim with rheostats
Produces warmer color compared to fluorescent and tungsten-halogen lamps
Generates relatively high light output
Can be dimmed or controlled
Easy installation
Available in various shapes, sizes and applications
Can be switched ON immediately

CONS

Energy inefficient
Very short lamp life
requires air conditioning to cool the room
Higher operating cost
Very fragile
Generates low lumen per watt

Suitable for: Lamps, closets, chandelier, accent lighting & chandeliers

2. FLUORESCENT

PROS

More energy efficient
Operates longer
Better light diffusion
Lesser heat emission

CONS

More expensive
Prone to chemical leakage
Hard to dim
Degradation

Suitable for: offices, classrooms, retail stores, hallways & cafeterias

3. COMPACT FLUORESCENT (CFL)

PROS

Energy saving light bulbs
High lumen output
Up to 75% energy savings compared to incandescent lamps
Long lamp life

CONS

Some cannot be dimmed and be used with a dimming control
Takes time to brighten at its fullest
Contains mercury

4. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

PROS

Compact (gives flexibility in design lighting fixtures)
Comes in many colors
Can be focused or scattered with usage of lenses or diffusers
It is networked and digitally controlled to provide flexibility in colours, brightness and special effects and synchronized with music